57–7189–1031HHydrogen 2HeHelium 3LiLi 4BeBeryllium 5BBoron 6CCarbon 7NNitrogen 8OOxygen 9FFluorine 10NeNeon 11NaNa 12MgMagnesium 13AlAluminium 14SiSilicon 15PPhosphorus 16SSulfur 17ClChlorine 18ArArgon 19KK 20CaCa 21ScScandium 22TiTitanium 23VVanadium 24CrChromium 25MnManganese 26FeIron 27CoCobalt 28NiNickel 29CuCopper 30ZnZinc 31GaGallium 32GeGermanium 33AsArsenic 34SeSelenium 35BrBromine 36KrKrypton 37RbRubidium 38SrSr 39YYttrium 40ZrZirconium 41NbNiobium 42MoMolybdenum 43TcTechnetium 44RuRuthenium 45RhRhodium 46PdPalladium 47AgSilver 48CdCadmium 49InIndium 50SnTin 51SbAntimony 52TeTellurium 53IIodine 54XeXenon 55CsCaesium 56BaBarium 57LaLanthanum 58CeCerium 59PrPraseodymium 60NdNeodymium 61PmPromethium 62SmSamarium 63EuEuropium 64GdGadolinium 65TbTerbium 66DyDysprosium 67HoHolmium 68ErErbium 69TmThulium 70YbYtterbium 71LuLutetium 72HfHafnium 73TaTantalum 74WTungsten 75ReRhenium 76OsOsmium 77IrIridium 78PtPlatinum 79AuGold 80HgMercury 81TlThallium 82PbLead 83BiBismuth 84PoPolonium 85AtAstatine 86RnRadon 87FrFrancium 88RaRadium 89AcActinium 90ThThorium 91PaProtactinium 92UUranium 93NpNeptunium 94PuPlutonium 95AmAmericium 96CmCurium 97BkBerkelium 98CfCalifornium 99EsEinsteinium 100FmFermium 101MdMendelevium 102NoNobelium 103LrLawrencium 104RfRutherfordium 105DbDubnium 106SgSeaborgium 107BhBohrium 108HsHassium 109MtMeitnerium 110DsDarmstadtium 111RgRoentgenium 112CnCopernicium 113NhNihonium 114FlFlerovium 115McMoscovium 116LvLivermorium 117TsTennessine 118OgOganesson

The Periodic Table

118 elements, raised by their properties.

Click an element to view its atom · drag to orbit · right-drag or two fingers to pan · scroll to zoom

Position
Atomic mass
Representative isotope
Electron configuration
State at room conditions

Wikipedia summary ↓

Column height

Subshells

Denser dots mean an electron is more likely to be found there. Subshells take turns in focus; select one to hold it.

How the electrons fill in

Visible emission lines

Observed lines of the neutral atom from 380 to 750 nm, up to the 40 strongest. The tube colour mixes lines by intensity and is illustrative. Data: NIST ASD.

The cloud is a sketch of probability density: shapes come from hydrogen-like orbitals, sizes from Slater's rules, and radii are square-root compressed. The nucleus is not to scale. Tap the nucleus to add a proton.

Temperature

Phase
Crystal structure
Root-mean-square speed

On the thermometer, the green ring marks melting (or sublimation) and the ochre ring marks boiling. Drag the thermometer or the slider to change the temperature.

Particle motion is a sketch: solids vibrate per the Lindemann criterion, liquids and gases use simplified short-range forces, and speeds are compressed from the rms speed. The red-hot glow above about 800 K follows a blackbody spectrum.

Demonstrations are illustrative: apparatus and phenomena follow real behaviour, while particle motion and timing are simplified. Nuclear timescales are compressed logarithmically from the half-lives.

The Periodic Table

About Niobium

Data and notes